Configurable NOC-oriented demand management system

ABSTRACT

Coupling first and second nodes together within a facility via a network; via the first node, transmitting data and status via the network for generation of schedules, and operating a first device within an acceptable operating margin to maintain a first environment by cycling on and off according to the schedules; and via a network operations center disposed external to the facility, generating the schedules to control peak demand of a resource, where one or more run times start prior to when otherwise required to maintain corresponding local environments, and coordinating run times for the first device and a second device, where coordination is based on a global schedule, an adjusted first descriptor set characterizing the first environment, and an adjusted second descriptor set characterizing a second environment, a first device activation schedule and a second device activation schedule directing the first and second devices to cycle on and off.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of the following U.S. nonprovisionalapplication.

SER. FILING NO. DATE TITLE 13/601,622 Aug. 31, 2012 NOC-ORIENTED CONTROLOF A (ENER.0105) DEMAND COORDINATION NETWORK

The above noted U.S. nonprovisional application claims the benefit ofthe following U.S. provisional application, which is herein incorporatedby reference for all intents and purposes.

SER. FILING NO. DATE TITLE 61/529,902 Aug. 31, 2011 DEMAND COORDINATION(ENER.0105) NETWORK EXTENSIONS

This application is related to the following U.S. nonprovisionalapplications.

FILING SER. NO. DATE TITLE 13/025,142 Feb. 10, 2011 APPARATUS AND METHODFOR DEMAND (ENER.0101) COORDINATION NETWORK 13/864,933 Apr. 17, 2013DEMAND COORDINATION NETWORK CONTROL (ENER.0101-C1) NODE 13/864,942 Apr.17, 2013 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING (ENER.0101-C2) PEAK ENERGYDEMAND 13/864,954 Apr. 17, 2013 CONFIGURABLE DEMAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(ENER.0101-C3) 13/032,622 Feb. 22, 2011 APPARATUS AND METHOD FORNETWORK-BASED (ENER.0103) GRID MANAGEMENT 14/547,919 Nov. 19, 2014NETWORK LATENCY TOLERANT CONTROL OF A (ENER.0105-C1) DEMAND COORDINATIONNETWORK 14/547,962 Nov. 19, 2014 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PASSIVE(ENER.0105-C2) MODELING OF NON-SYSTEM DEVICES IN A DEMAND COORDINATIONNETWORK 14/547,992 Nov. 19, 2014 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ACTIVEMODELING (ENER.0105-C3) OF NON-SYSTEM DEVICES IN A DEMAND COORDINATIONNETWORK 14/548,023 Nov. 19, 2014 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR EVALUATING(ENER.0105-C4) EQUIPMENT OPERATION IN A DEMAND COORDINATION NETWORK14/548,057 Nov. 19, 2014 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ANALYZING(ENER.0105-C5) NORMAL FACILITY OPERATION IN A DEMAND COORDINATIONNETWORK 14/548,097 Nov. 19, 2014 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MANAGING(ENER.0105-C6) COMFORT IN A DEMAND COORDINATION NETWORK 14/548,107 Nov.19, 2014 DEMAND COORDINATION SYNTHESIS SYSTEM (ENER.0105-C7) 14/691,858Apr. 21, 2015 NOC-ORIENTED DEMAND COORDINATION (ENER.0105-C8) NETWORKCONTROL NODE 14/691,907 Apr. 21, 2015 NOC-ORIENTED APPARATUS AND METHODFOR (ENER.0105-C9) CONTROLLING PEAK ENERGY DEMAND 14/674,057 Mar. 31,2015 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DEMAND (ENER.0135) COORDINATION NETWORKCONTROL

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

This invention relates in general to the field of resource management,and more particularly to an off-site apparatus and method forcoordinating the use of certain resources such that a peak demand ofthose resources is optimized.

Description of the Related Art

The problem with resources such as electrical power, water, fossilfuels, and their derivatives (e.g., natural gas) is that the generationand consumption of a resource both vary with respect to time.Furthermore, the delivery and transport infrastructure is limited inthat it cannot instantaneously match generation levels to provide forconsumption levels. The delivery and transport infrastructure is limitedin supply and the demand for this limited supply is constantlyfluctuating. As anyone who has participated in a rolling blackout willconcur, the times are more and more frequent when resource consumers areforced to face the realities of limited resource supply.

Most notably, the electrical power generation and distribution communityhas begun to take proactive measures to protect limited instantaneoussupplies of electrical power by imposing a demand charge on consumers inaddition to their monthly usage charge. In prior years, consumers merelypaid for the total amount of power that they consumed over a billingperiod. Today, most energy suppliers are not only charging customers forthe total amount of electricity they have consumed over the billingperiod, but they are additionally charging for peak demand. Peak demandis the greatest amount of energy that a customer uses use during ameasured period of time, typically on the order of minutes.

For example, consider a factory owner whose building includes 20 airconditioners, each consuming 10 KW when turned on. If they are all on atthe same time, then the peak demand for that period is 200 KW. Not onlydoes the energy supplier have to provide for instantaneous generation ofthis power in conjunction with loads exhibited by its other consumers,but the distribution network that supplies this peak power must be sizedsuch that it delivers 200 KW.

Consequently, high peak demand consumers are required to pay a surchargeto offset the costs of peak energy generation and distribution. And theconcept of peak demand charges, while presently being levied only tocommercial electricity consumers and to selected residential consumers,is applicable to all residential consumers and consumers of otherlimited generation and distribution resources as well. Water and naturalgas are prime examples of resources that will someday exhibit demandcharges.

Yet, consider that in the facility example above it is not time criticalor comfort critical to run every air conditioning unit in the buildingat once. Run times can be staggered, for example, to mitigate peakdemand. And this technique is what is presently employed in the industryto lower peak demand. There are very simply ways to stagger run times,and there are very complicated mechanisms that are employed to lowerpeak demand, but they all utilize variations of what is known in the artas deferral.

Stated simply, deferral means that some devices have to wait to runwhile other, perhaps higher priority, devices are allowed to run.Another form of deferral is to reduce the duty cycle (i.e., thepercentage of the a device cycle that a device is on) of one or moredevices in order to share the reduction in peak demand desired. Whatthis means in the air conditioning example above is that some occupantsare going to experience discomfort while waiting for their turn to run.When duty cycles are reduced to defer demand, everyone in the facilityis going to experience mild discomfort. And as one skilled in the artwill appreciate, there is a zone of comfort beyond which productivityfalls.

Virtually every system of resource consuming devices exhibits a marginof acceptable operation (“comfort zone” in the air conditioning exampleabove) around which operation of the device in terms of start time,duration, and duty cycle can be deferred. But the present inventors haveobserved that conventional techniques for controlling peak demand allinvolve delaying (“deferring”) the start times and durations of devicesand/or decreasing the duty cycles, thus in many instances causing localenvironments to operate outside of their acceptable operational margins.It is either too hot, too cold, not enough water, the motors are notrunning long enough to get the job done, and etc.

Accordingly, what is needed is an apparatus and method for managing peakdemand of a resource that considers acceptable operational margins indetermining when and how long individual devices in a system will run.

What is also needed is a technique for scheduling run times for devicesin a controlled system that is capable of advancing the start times anddurations of those devices, and that is capable of increasing the dutycycles associated therewith in order to reduce demand while concurrentlymaintaining operation within acceptable operational margins.

What is additionally needed is a mechanism for modeling and coordinatingthe operation of a plurality of devices in order to reduce peak demandof a resource, where both advancement and deferral are employedeffectively to reduce demand and retain acceptable operationalperformance.

What is moreover needed is an demand coordination apparatus and methodthat employs adaptive modeling of local environments and anticipatoryscheduling of run times in order to reduce peak demand while maintainingacceptable operation.

Furthermore, what is needed is a demand coordination mechanism that willperform reliably and deterministically in the presence of periodicnetwork disruptions.

Also, what is needed is a technique for characterizing consumption of aresource by one or more devices by passively monitoring a correspondingresource meter.

In addition, what is needed is a mechanism for characterizingconsumption of a resource by one or more devices by actively cycling theone or more devices and monitoring a corresponding resource meter.

Furthermore, what is needed is a technique for analyzing a system ofdevices within a facility with respect to consumption of a resource.

Moreover, what is needed is a mechanism for controlling a comfort levelwithin a facility by substituting interrelated devices in order tocontrol consumption of a resource.

In addition, what is needed is a technique for identifying candidatebuildings for application of resource demand management mechanisms.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, among other applications, is directed to solvingthe above-noted problems and addresses other problems, disadvantages,and limitations of the prior art. The present invention provides asuperior technique for managing and controlling the demand level of agiven resource as that resource is consumed by a plurality of consumingdevices. In one embodiment, an apparatus for controlling peak demand ofa resource within a facility is provided. The apparatus includes a firstcontrol node and a network operations center (NOC). The first controlnode is disposed within the facility, and is coupled to a second controlnode via a demand coordination network. The first control node has anode processor, coupled to a first energy consuming device. The nodeprocessor is configured to transmit sensor data and device status viathe demand coordination network for generation of a plurality of runtime schedules, and is configured to operate the first energy consumingdevice within an acceptable operating margin to maintain a first localenvironment by cycling on and off according to the plurality of run timeschedules. The NOC is disposed external to the facility, and isconfigured to generate the plurality of run time schedules to controlthe peak demand of the resource, where one or more run times start priorto when otherwise required to maintain corresponding local environments.The NOC includes a global schedule module and a local schedule module.The global schedule module is operationally coupled to the first nodeprocessor, and is configured to coordinate run times for the firstenergy consuming device and a second energy consuming device, wherecoordination is based on a global run time schedule, an adjusted firstdescriptor set characterizing the first local environment, and anadjusted second descriptor set characterizing a second localenvironment. The local schedule module is coupled to the global schedulemodule, and configured to direct the first energy consuming device tocycle on and off at appropriate times as a function of a first deviceactuation schedule provided by the global schedule module.

One aspect of the present invention contemplates a peak demand controlsystem, for managing peak energy demand within a facility. The peakdemand control system includes a first control node, a networkoperations center (NOC), and one or more sensor nodes. The first controlnode is disposed within the facility and is coupled to a second controlnode via a demand coordination network. The first control node has anode processor, coupled to a first energy consuming device. Theprocessor is configured to transmit sensor data and device status viathe demand coordination network for generation of a plurality of runtime schedules, and is configured to operate the first energy consumingdevice within an acceptable operating margin to maintain a first localenvironment by cycling on and off according to the plurality of run timeschedules. The NOC is disposed external to the facility, and isconfigured to generate the plurality of run time schedules to controlthe peak demand of the resource, where one or more run times start priorto when otherwise required to maintain corresponding local environments.The NOC has a global schedule module and a local schedule module. Theglobal schedule module is operationally coupled to the first nodeprocessor, and configured to coordinate run times for the first energyconsuming device and a second energy consuming device, wherecoordination is based on a global run time schedule, an adjusted firstdescriptor set characterizing the first local environment, and anadjusted second descriptor set characterizing a second localenvironment. The local schedule module is coupled to the global schedulemodule, and is configured to direct the first energy consuming device tocycle on and off at appropriate times as a function of a first deviceactuation schedule provided by the global schedule module. The one ormore sensor nodes is coupled to the demand coordination network, and isconfigured to provide one or more global sensor data sets to the NOC,where the NOC employs the one or more global sensor data sets indetermining the run times.

Another aspect of the present invention comprehends a method forcontrolling peak demand of a resource within a facility. The methodincludes coupling a first control node and a second control nodetogether within the facility via a demand coordination network; via thefirst control node, transmitting sensor data and device status via thedemand coordination network for generation of a plurality of run timeschedules, and operating the first energy consuming device within anacceptable operating margin to maintain a first local environment bycycling on and off according to the plurality of run time schedules; andvia a network operations center (NOC) disposed external to the facility,generating the plurality of run time schedules to control the peakdemand of the resource, where one or more run times start prior to whenotherwise required to maintain corresponding local environments, andcoordinating run times for the first energy consuming device and asecond energy consuming device, where coordination is based on a globalrun time schedule, an adjusted first descriptor set characterizing thefirst local environment, and an adjusted second descriptor setcharacterizing a second local environment, the first device activationschedule and a second device activation schedule directing the first andsecond energy consuming devices, respectively, to cycle on and off atappropriate times.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects, features, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with regard to the followingdescription, and accompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a demand coordination systemaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting a control node according to thepresent invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram featuring a local model module according tothe present invention, such as might be disposed within the control nodeof FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a timing diagram showing an exemplary local model estimationperformed by the local model module of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a global model module accordingto the present invention, such as might be disposed within the controlnode of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram detailing a global schedule module accordingto the present invention, such as might be disposed within the controlnode of FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a local schedule module according tothe present invention, such as might be disposed within the control nodeof FIG. 2;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram depicting an alternative embodiment of acontrol node according to the present invention for use in aNOC-oriented demand coordination system;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating a NOC processor for off-sitedemand management;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram detailing a model processor for employmentwithin the NOC processor of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing how the demand management system of FIG.1 may be employed to passively monitor and model non-system devices thatare not coupled to the demand management network;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart depicting how the demand management system ofFIG. 1 may be employed to actively monitor and model non-system devicesthat are not coupled to the demand management network;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram featuring a control node according to thepresent invention for monitoring resource consumption effectiveness of afacility and/or equipment group;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating an analyzing system for facilitydevice monitoring according to the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating how devices and/or a facility aremonitored for nominal operation a demand control system like that ofFIG. 1 that utilizes enhanced control nodes 1300 of FIG. 13 or by theanalyzing system 1400 of FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram detailing a comfort management systemaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing a comfort controller according to thesystem of FIG. 16; and

FIG. 18 is a block diagram depicting a demand control candidateselection system according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary and illustrative embodiments of the invention are describedbelow. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actualimplementation are described in this specification, for those skilled inthe art will appreciate that in the development of any such actualembodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions are made toachieve specific goals, such as compliance with system related and/orbusiness related constraints, which vary from one implementation toanother. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that such a developmenteffort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be aroutine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having thebenefit of this disclosure. Various modifications to the preferredembodiment will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generalprinciples defined herein may be applied to other embodiments.Therefore, the present invention is not intended to be limited to theparticular embodiments shown and described herein, but is to be accordedthe widest scope consistent with the principles and novel featuresherein disclosed.

The present invention will now be described with reference to theattached figures. Various structures, systems, and devices areschematically depicted in the drawings for purposes of explanation onlyand so as to not obscure the present invention with details that arewell known to those skilled in the art. Nevertheless, the attacheddrawings are included to describe and explain illustrative examples ofthe present invention. The words and phrases used herein should beunderstood and interpreted to have a meaning consistent with theunderstanding of those words and phrases by those skilled in therelevant art. No special definition of a term or phrase, i.e., adefinition that is different from the ordinary and customary meaning asunderstood by those skilled in the art, is intended to be implied byconsistent usage of the term or phrase herein. To the extent that a termor phrase is intended to have a special meaning, i.e., a meaning otherthan that understood by skilled artisans, such a special definition willbe expressly set forth in the specification in a definitional mannerthat directly and unequivocally provides the special definition for theterm or phrase.

In view of the above background discussion on resource and energy demandand associated techniques employed within systems to control peakdemand, a discussion of the present invention will now be presented withreference to FIGS. 1-7. The present invention provides for more flexibleand optimal management and control of resource consumption, such aselectrical energy, by enabling use of particular resources to becoordinated among resource consuming devices. In stark contrast to priorart mechanisms, the present invention employs scheduling techniques thatallow for advancement, or preemptive cycling of devices, as well asdeferral.

Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram is presented illustrating a demandcoordination system 100 according to the present invention. The system100 includes a plurality of system devices 101, each of which is managedand controlled within the system 100 for purposes of consumption controlin order to manage peak resource demand. In one embodiment, the systemdevices 101 comprise air-conditioning units that are disposed within abuilding or other facility, and the resource that is managed compriseselectrical power. In another embodiment, the system devices 101 compriseheating units that are disposed within a building or other facility, andthe resource that is managed comprises natural gas. The presentinventors specifically note that the system 100 contemplated herein isintended to be preferably employed to control any type of resourceconsuming device 101 such as the units noted above, and also including,but not limited to, water pumps, heat exchangers, motors, generators,light fixtures, electrical outlets, sump pumps, furnaces, or any otherdevice that is capable of being duty-cycle actuated in order to reducepeak demand of a corresponding resource, but which is also capable, inone embodiment, of maintaining a desired level of performance (“comfortlevel”) by advancing or deferring actuation times and increasing ordecreasing duty cycles in coordination with other substantially similardevices 101. Thus, the term “comfort level” may also connote anacceptable level of performance for a device or machine that satisfiesoverall constraints of an associated system 100. The present inventorsalso note that the present invention comprehends any form of consumableresource including, but not limited to, electrical power, natural gas,fossil fuels, water, and nuclear power. As noted above, present daymechanisms are in place by energy suppliers to levy peak demand chargesfor the consumption of electrical power by a consumer and, goingforward, examples are discussed in terms relative to the supply,consumption, and demand coordination of electrical power for purposesonly of teaching the present invention in well-known subject contexts,but it is noted that any of the examples discussed herein may be alsoembodied to employ alternative devices 101 and resources as noted abovefor the coordination of peak demand of those resources within a system100. It is also noted that the term “facility” is not to be restrictedto construe a brick and mortar structure, but may also comprehend anyform of interrelated system 100 of devices 101 whose performance can bemodeled and whose actuations can be scheduled and controlled in order tocontrol and manage the demand of a particular resource.

Having noted the above, each of the devices 101 includes a devicecontrol 102 that operates to turn the device 101 on, thus consuming aresource, and off, thus not consuming the resource. When the device 101is off, a significant amount of the resource is consumed, and thus adevice that is off does not substantially contribute to overallcumulative peak resource demand. Although implied by block diagram, thepresent inventors note that the device control 102 also may not bedisposed within the device 101, and the device control 102 may not becollocated with the device 101.

A control node 103 according to the present invention is coupled to eachof the device controls 102 via a device sense bus DSB 111 that isemployed by the control node 103 to turn the device 101 on and off, tosense when the device 101 is turned on and off, and to furthertransparently enable the device 101 to operate independent of the demandcoordination system 100 in a fail safe mode while at the same timesensing when the device 101 is turned on and turned off in the fail safemode. Each of the control nodes 103 maintains control of theirrespective device 101 and in addition maintains a replicated copy of aglobal model of a system environment along with a global schedule foractuation of all of the devices 101 in the system 100. Updates to theglobal model and schedule, along with various sensor, monitor, gateway,configuration, and status messages are broadcast over a demandcoordination network (DCN) 110, which interconnects all of the controlnodes 103, and couples these control nodes to optional global sensornodes 106, optional monitor nodes 109, and an optional gateway node 120.In one embodiment, the DCN 110 comprises an IEEE 802.15.4 packetizedwireless data network as is well understood by those skilled in the art.Alternatively, the DCN 110 is embodied as an IEEE 802.11 packetizedwireless or wired network. In another embodiment, the DCN 110 comprisesa power line modulated network comporting with HOMEPLUG® protocolstandards. Other packetized network configurations are additionallycontemplated, such as a BLUETOOTH® low power wireless network. Thepresent inventors note, however, that the present invention isdistinguished from conventional “state machine” techniques for resourcedemand management and control in that only model updates and scheduleupdates are broadcast over the DCN 110, thus providing a strongadvantage according to the present invention in light of networkdisruption. For the 802.15.4 embodiment, replicated model and schedulecopies on each control node 103 along with model and schedule updatebroadcasts according to the present invention are very advantageous inthe presence of noise and multipath scenarios commonly experienced bywireless packetized networks. That is, a duplicate model update messagethat may be received by one or more nodes 103 does not serve to perturbor otherwise alter effective operation of the system 100.

Zero or more local sensors 104 are coupled to each of the control nodes103 via a local sensor bus 112, and configuration of each of the localsensors 104 may be different for each one of the devices 101. Examplesof local sensors 104 include temperature sensors, flow sensors, lightsensors, and other sensor types that may be employed by the control node103 to determine and model an environment that is local to a particularsystem device 101. For instance, a temperature sensor 104 may beemployed by a control node 103 to sense the temperature local to aparticular device 101 disposed as an air-conditioning unit. Another unitmay employ local sensors 104 comprising both a temperature and humiditysensor local to a device 101 disposed as an air-conditioning unit. Otherexamples abound. Other embodiments contemplate collocation of localsensors 104 and device control 102 for a device 101, such as thewell-known thermostat.

The system 100 also optionally includes one or more global sensors 105,each of which is coupled to one or more sensor nodes 106 according tothe present invention. The global sensors 105 may comprise, but are notlimited to, occupancy sensors (i.e., movement sensors), solar radiationsensors, wind sensors, precipitation sensors, humidity sensors,temperature sensors, power meters, and the like. The sensors 105 areconfigured such that their data is employed to globally affect allmodeled environments and schedules. For example, the amount of solarradiation on a facility may impact to each local environment associatedwith each of the system devices 101, and therefore must be consideredwhen developing a global model of the system environment. In oneembodiment, the global model of the system environment is an aggregateof all local models associated with each of the devices, where each ofthe local models are adjusted based upon the data provided by the globalsensors 105.

Each of the global sensors 105 is coupled to a respective sensor node106 according to the present invention via a global sensor bus (GSB)113, and each of the sensor nodes 106 are coupled to the DCN 110.Operationally, the sensor nodes 106 are configured to sample theirrespective global sensor 105 and broadcast changes to the sensor dataover the DCN 110 to the control nodes 110 and optionally to the gatewaynode 120.

The system 100 also optionally includes one or more non-system devices107, each having associated device control 108 that is coupled to arespective monitor node 109 via a non-system bus (NSB) 114. Each of themonitor nodes 109 is coupled to the DCN 110. Operationally, each monitornode 109 monitors the state of its respective non-system device 107 viaits device control 108 to determine whether the non-system device 107 isconsuming the managed resource (i.e., turned on) or not (i.e., turnedoff). Changes to the status of each non-system device 107 are broadcastby its respective monitor node 109 over the DCN 110 to the control nodes103 and optionally to the gateway node 120. The non-system devices 107may comprise any type of device that consumes the resource beingmanaged, but which is not controlled by the system 100. One example ofsuch a non-system device 107 is an elevator in a building. The elevatorconsumes electrical power, but may not be controlled by the system 100in order to reduce peak demand. Thus, in one embodiment, consumption ofthe resource by these non-system devices 107 is employed as a factorduring scheduling of the system devices 101 in order to manage andcontrol peak demand of the resource.

Optionally, the gateway node 120 is coupled by any known means to anetwork operations center (NOC) 121. In operation, configuration datafor the system 100 may be provided by the NOC 121 and communicated tothe gateway node 120. Alternatively, configuration data may be providedvia the gateway node 120 itself. Typically, the gateway node 120 iscollocated with the system 100 whereas the NOC 121 is not collocated andthe NOC 121 may be employed to provide configuration data to a pluralityof gateway nodes 120 corresponding to a plurality of systems 100. Theconfiguration data may comprise, but is not limited to, device controldata such as number of simultaneous devices in operation, deviceoperational priority relative to other devices, percentage of peak loadto employ, peak demand profiles related to time of day, and the like.

Thus, as will be described in more detail below, each of the controlnodes 103 develops a local environment model that is determined fromcorresponding local sensors 104. Each local environment model, aschanges to the local environment model occur, is broadcast over the DCN110 to all other control nodes 103. Each of the control nodes 103 thusmaintains a global environmental model of the system 100 which, in oneembodiment, comprises an aggregation of all of the local environmentalmodels. Each of the global models is modified to incorporate the effectof data provided by the global sensors 105. Thus, each identical globalmodel comprises a plurality of local environmental models, each of whichhas been modified due to the effect of data provided by the globalsensors 105. It is important to note that the term “environmental” isintended to connote a modeling environment which includes, but is notlimited to, the physical environment.

Each control node 103, as will be described below, additionallycomprises a global schedule which, like the global model, is anaggregate of a plurality of local run time schedules, each associatedwith a corresponding device 101. The global schedule utilizes the globalmodel data in conjunction with configuration data and data provided bythe monitor nodes 109, to develop the plurality of local run timeschedules, where relative start times, duration times, and duty cycletimes are established such that comfort margins associated with each ofthe local environments are maintained, in one embodiment, viamaintaining, advancing (i.e., running early), or deferring (i.e.,delaying) their respective start times and durations, and viamaintaining, advancing, or deferring their respective duty cycles.

Turning now to FIG. 2, a block diagram is presented depicting a controlnode 200 according to the present invention. The control node 200includes a node processor 201 that is coupled to one or more localsensors (not shown) via a local sensor bus (LSB) 202, a device control(not shown) via a device sense bus (DSB) 203, and to a demandcoordination network (DCN) 204 as has been described above withreference to FIG. 1.

The control node 200 also includes a local model module 205 that iscoupled to the node processor 201 via a synchronization bus (SYNC) 209,a sensor data bus (SENSEDATA) 215, and a device data bus (DEVDATA) 216.The control node 200 also has a global model module 206 that is coupledto the node processor 201 via SYNC 209 and via an inter-node messagingbus (INM) 211. The global model module 206 is coupled to the local modelmodule 205 via a local model environment bus (LME) 212. The control node200 further includes a global schedule module 207 that is coupled to thenode processor 201 via SYNC 209 and INM 211, and that is coupled to theglobal model module 206 via a global relative run environment bus (GRRE)213. The control node finally includes a local schedule module 208 thatis coupled to the node processor 201 via SYNC 209 and a run control bus(RUN CTRL) 210. The local schedule module 208 is also coupled to theglobal schedule module 207 via a local relative run environment bus(LRRE) 214. LRRE 214 is also coupled to the global model module 206. Inaddition, a run time feedback bus (RTFB) 217 couples the local schedulemodule 208 to the local model module 205.

The node processor 201, local model module 205, global model module 206,global schedule model 207, and local schedule model 208 according to thepresent invention are configured to perform the operations and functionsas will be described in further detail below. The node processor 201local model module 205, global model module 206, global schedule model207, and local schedule model 208 each comprises logic, circuits,devices, or microcode (i.e., micro instructions or native instructions),or a combination of logic, circuits, devices, or microcode, orequivalent elements that are employed to perform the operations andfunctions described below. The elements employed to perform theseoperations and functions may be shared with other circuits, microcode,etc., that are employed to perform other functions within the controlnode 200. According to the scope of the present application, microcodeis a term employed to refer to one or more micro instructions.

In operation, synchronization information is received by the nodeprocessor 201. In one embodiment, the synchronization information istime of day data that is broadcast over the DCN 204. In an alternativeembodiment, a synchronization data receiver (not shown) is disposedwithin the node processor 201 itself and the synchronization dataincludes, but is not limited to, atomic clock broadcasts, a receivableperiodic synchronization pulse such as an amplitude modulatedelectromagnetic pulse, and the like. The node processor 201 is furtherconfigured to determine and track relative time for purposes of taggingevents and the like based upon reception of the synchronization data.Preferably, time of day is employed, but such is not necessary foroperation of the system.

The node processor 201 provides periodic synchronization data via SYNC209 to each of the modules 205-208 to enable the modules 205-208 tocoordinate operation and to mark input and output data accordingly. Thenode processor 201 also periodically monitors data provided by the localsensors via LSB 202 and provides this data to the local model module 205via SENSEDATA 215. The node processor 201 also monitors the DSB 203 todetermine when an associated device (not shown) is turned on or turnedoff. Device status is provided to the local model module 205 viaDEVDATA. The node processor 201 also controls the associated device viathe DSB 203 as is directed via commands over bus RUN CTRL 210. The nodeprocessor further transmits and receives network messages over the DCN204. Received message data is provided to the global model module 206 orthe global schedule model 207 as appropriate over bus INM 211. Likewise,both the global model module 206 and the global schedule model 207 mayinitiate DCN messages via commands over bus INM 211. These DCN messagesprimarily include, but are not limited to, broadcasts of global modelupdates and global schedule updates. System configuration message dataas described above is distributed via INM 211 to the global schedulemodule 207.

Periodically, in coordination with data provided via SYNC 209, the localmodel module employs sensor data provided via SENSEDATA 215 inconjunction with device actuation data provided via DEVDATA 216 todevelop, refine, and update a local environmental model which comprises,in one embodiment, a set of descriptors that describe a relative timedependent flow of the local environment as a function of when theassociated device is on or off. For example, if the device is an airconditioning unit and the local sensors comprise a temperature sensor,then the local model module 205 develops, refines, and updates a set ofdescriptors that describe a local temperature environment as a relativetime function of the data provided via SYNC 209, and furthermore as afunction of when the device is scheduled to run and the parametersassociated with the scheduled run, which are received from the localschedule module 208 via RTFB 217. This set of descriptors is provided tothe global model module 206 via LME 212. However, it is noted that thesedescriptors are updated and provided to LME 212 only when one or more ofthe descriptors change to the extent that an error term within the localmodel module 205 is exceeded. In addition to the descriptors, dataprovided on LME 212 by the local model module includes an indication ofwhether the descriptors accurately reflect the actual local environment,that is, whether the modeled local environment is within an acceptableerror margin when compared to the actual local environment. When themodeled local environment exceeds the acceptable error margin whencompared to the actual local environment, then the local model module205 indicates that its local environment model is inaccurate over LME212, and the system may determine to allow the associated device to rununder its own control in a fail safe mode. For instance, if occupancy ofa given local area remains consistent, then a very accurate model of thelocal environment will be developed over a period of time, and updatesof the descriptors 212 will decrease in frequency, thus providingadvantages when the DCN 204 is disrupted. It is noted that the errorterm will decrease substantially in this case. However, consider astable local environment model that is continually perturbed by eventsthat cannot be accounted for in the model, such as impromptu gatheringsof many people. In such a case the error term will be exceeded, thuscausing the local model module 205 to indicate over LME 212 that itslocal environment model is inaccurate. In the case of a systemcomprising air conditioning units, it may be determined to allow theassociated unit to run in fail safe mode, that is, under control of itslocal thermostat. Yet, advantageously, because all devices continue touse their replicated copies of global models and global schedules, thedevices continue to operate satisfactorily in the presences ofdisruption and network failure for an extended period of time.Additionally, if model error over time is known, then all devices in thenetwork can utilize pre-configured coordination schedules, effectivelycontinuing coordination over an extended period of time, in excess ofthe models ability to stay within a known margin of error. Furthermore,it can be envisioned that devices without a DCN, utilizing someexternally sensible synchronization event, and with known modelenvironments, could perform coordination sans DCN.

The local model module 205, in addition to determining the above noteddescriptors, also maintains values reflecting accuracy of the localsensors, such as hysteresis of a local thermostat, and accounts for suchin determining the descriptors. Furthermore, the local model module 205maintains and communicates via LME 212 acceptable operation margin datato allow for advancement or deferral of start times and durations, andincrease or decrease of duty cycles. In an air conditioning or heatingenvironment, the acceptable operation margin data may comprise an upperand lower temperature limit that is outside of the hysteresis (setpoints) of the local temperature sensor, but that is still acceptablefrom a human factors perspective in that it is not noticeable to atypical person, thus not adversely impacting that person's productivity.In addition, the local model module 205 may maintain values representinga synthesized estimate of a variable (for example, temperature). Inanother embodiment, the local model module 205 may maintain synthesizedvariables representing, say, comfort, which are a function of acombination of other synthesized variables including, but not limitedto, temperature, humidity, amount of light, light color, and time ofday.

In one embodiment, the descriptors comprise one or more coefficients andan offset associated with a linear device on-state equation and one ormore coefficients and intercept associated with a linear deviceoff-state equation. Other equation types are contemplated as well toinclude second order equations, complex coefficients, or lookup tablesin the absence of equation-based models. What is significant is that thelocal model module generates and maintains an acceptable description ofits local environment that is relative to a synchronization event suchthat the global model module 206 can predict the local environment asseen by the local model module.

The global model module 206 receives the local descriptors via LME 212and stores this data, along with all other environments that arebroadcast over the DCN and received via the INM 211. In addition, theglobal model module adjusts its corresponding local environment entry totake into account sensor data from global sensors (e.g., occupancysensors, solar radiation sensors) which is received over the DCN 204 andprovided via the INM 211. An updated local entry in the global modelmodule 206 is thus broadcast over the DCN 204 to all other control nodesin the system and is additionally fed back to the local model module toenable the local model module to adjust its local model to account forthe presence of global sensor data.

The global model module 206 provides all global model entries to theglobal schedule module 207 via GRRE 213. The global schedule module 207employs these models to determine when and how long to actuate each ofthe devices in the system. In developing a global device schedule, theglobal schedule module utilizes the data provided via GRRE 213, that is,aggregate adjusted local models for the system, along with systemconfiguration data as described above which is resident at installationor which is provided via a broadcast over the DCN 204 (i.e., aNOC-initiated message over the gateway node). The global deviceactuation schedule refers to a schedule of operation relative to thesynchronization event and is broadcast over the DCN 204 to all othercontrol nodes. In addition, the device actuation schedule associatedwith the specific control node 200 is provided over LRRE 214 to both thelocal schedule module 208 and the local model module, for this datadirects if and when the device associated with the specific control node200 will run. It is noted that the global schedule module 207 operatessubstantially to reduce peak demand of the system by advancing ordeferring device start times and increasing or decreasing device dutycycles in accordance with device priorities. The value by which a timeis advanced or deferred and the amount of increase or decrease to a dutycycle is determined by the global schedule module 207 such that higherpriority devices are not allowed to operate outside of their configuredoperational margin. In addition, priorities, in one embodiment, aredynamically assigned by the global schedule module 207 based upon theeffect of the device's timing when turned on. Other mechanisms arecontemplated as well for dynamically assigning device priority withinthe system.

The local schedule module 208 directs the associated device to turn onand turn off at the appropriate time via commands over RUN CTRL 210,which are processed by the node processor 201 and provided to the devicecontrol via DSB 203.

Now referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram is presented featuring a localmodel module 300 according to the present invention, such as might bedisposed within the control node 200 of FIG. 2. As is described abovewith reference to FIG. 2, the local model module 300 performs thefunction of developing, updating, and maintaining an acceptably accuratemodel of the local environment. Accordingly, the local model module 300includes a local data processor 301 that is coupled to busses SENSEDATA,DEVDATA, SYNC, and RTFB. Data associated with the local environment isstamped relative to the synchronization data provided via SYNC andentries are provided to a local data array 302 via a tagged entry busTAGGED ENTRY. The local model module 300 also includes a local modelestimator 303 that is coupled to the local data array 302 and whichreads the tagged entries and develops the descriptors for the localenvironment when the device is on an when the device is off, asdescribed above. The local model estimator 303 include an initiationprocessor 304 that is coupled to an LME interface 306 via bus ONLINE andan update processor 305 that is coupled to the LME interface 306 via busNEW. The LME interface 306 generates data for the LME bus.

In operation, the local data processor 301 monitors SENSEDATA, DEVDATA,and RTFB. If data on any of the busses changes, then the local dataprocessor 301 creates a tagged entry utilizing time relative to dataprovided via SYNC and places the new tagged entry into the local dataarray 302. Periodically, the local model estimator 303 examines theentries in the local data array 302 and develops the descriptorsdescribed above. The period at which this operation is performed is afunction of the type of devices in the system. In one embodiment,development of local environment model descriptors is performed atintervals ranging from 1 second to 10 minutes, although one skilled inthe art will appreciate that determination of a specific evaluationinterval time is a function of device type, number of devices, andsurrounding environment. The update processor 305 monitors successiveevaluations to determine if the value of one or more of the descriptorschanges as a result of the evaluation. If so, then the update processor305 provides the new set of descriptors to the LME interface 306 via busNEW.

The initialization processor 304 monitors the accuracy of the modeledlocal environment as compared to the real local environment. If theaccuracy exceeds an acceptable error margin, then the initializationprocessor 304 indicates such via bus ONLINE and the LME interface 306reports this event to the global model module (not shown) via bus LME.As a result, the local device may be directed to operate in fail safemode subject to constraints and configuration data considered by theglobal schedule module (not shown). In another embodiment, if the errormargin is exceeded, the local device may not necessarily be directed tooperate in fail safe mode. Rather, exceeding the error margin may onlybe used as an indicator that the actual conditions and the modeled viewof those conditions are sufficiently disparate such that a process istriggered to develop a new equation, algorithm or model component thatbetter describes the actual environment. Explained another way, theerror margin triggers an iterative process that refines the model.Stated differently, as the model correlates more closely to actualconditions, the process runs less frequently, and model updates occur(locally and remotely) less frequently. Advantageously, theinitialization processor 304 enables a control node according to thepresent invention to be placed in service without any specificinstallation steps. That is, the control node is self-installing. In oneembodiment, as the local model module learns of the local environment,the initialization processor 304 indicates that the error margin isexceeded and as a result the local device will be operated in fail safemode, that is, it will not be demand controlled by the system. And whendevelopment of the local model falls within the error margin, theinitialization processor 304 will indicate such and the local devicewill be placed online and its start times and durations will beaccordingly advanced or deferred and its duty cycle will be increased ordecreased, in conjunction with other system devices to achieve thedesired level of peak demand control.

Turning to FIG. 4, a timing diagram 400 is presented showing anexemplary local model estimation performed by the local model module ofFIG. 3. The diagram 400 includes two sections: a parameter estimationsection 401 and a device state section 402. The parameter estimationsection 401 shows a setpoint for the device along with upper and lowerhysteresis values. In some devices, hysteresis is related to theaccuracy of the local sensor. In other devices, hysteresis is purposelybuilt in to preclude power cycling, throttling, oscillation, and thelike. In a cooling or heating unit, the hysteresis determines how oftenthe device will run and for how long. The parameter estimation section401 also shows an upper operational margin and a lower operationalmargin, outside of which the local device is not desired to operate. Theparameter estimation section 401 depicts an estimated device off line(UP) 403 that is the result of applying estimated descriptors over timefor when the device is turned off, and an estimated device on line (DN)404 that is the result of applying estimated descriptors over time forwhen the device is turned on. One area of demand control where thisexample is applicable is for a local air conditioning unit that iscontrolled by a local thermostat. Accordingly, the local data processor301 provides tagged entries to the local data array 302 as noted above.Device status (on or off) is provided either directly from DEVDATA busor indirectly from RTFB (if DEVDATA is incapable of determining on andoff state). The entries corresponding to each of the two states areevaluated and a set of descriptors (i.e., parameters) are developed thatdescribe the local environment. In one embodiment, a linear fitalgorithm is employed for the on time and off time of the device. Byusing device status 405, the local model estimator 303 can determinedescriptors for UP 403, DN 404, and the upper and lower hysteresislevels. Upper and lower margin levels are typically provided asconfiguration data and may vary from installation to installation. Inthe air conditioning example, the parameter being estimated is localtemperature and thus the upper and lower margins would vary perhaps twodegrees above and below the hysteresis levels. Note that prior to timeT1, the device is off and the parameter, as indicated by local sensordata, is increasing. At time T1 the device turns on, subsequentlydecreasing the parameter. At time T2, the device turns off and theparameter begins increasing in value. At time T3 the device turns onagain and the parameter decreases. At time T4, the device turns off andthe parameter increases.

By determining the descriptors and knowing the upper and lower margins,a global scheduler is enabled to determine how long it can advance(point TA) or delay (point TD) a start time, for example. In addition,the descriptors developed by the local model for the operational curves403, 404, as adjusted by the global model module, enable a globalscheduler to advance or defer start and/or duration, or increase ordecrease duty cycle of the device in a subsequent cycle in order toachieve the desired peak demand control while maintaining operation ofthe device within the upper and lower margin boundaries. Advantageously,the model according to the present invention is configured to allow forestimation of the precise position in time of the device on the curves403, 404, which enables, among other features, the ability of the systemto perform dynamic hysteresis modification, or overriding intrinsichysteresis of a device. In addition, the initialization processor 304can monitor the actual environment from local sensor data and compare itto the curves 403, 404 to determine if and when to place the deviceonline for demand control. The descriptors that describe the UP segment403 and DN segment 404 are communicated to the global model module viabus LME.

Now referring to FIG. 5, a block diagram illustrating a global modelmodule 500 according to the present invention, such as might be disposedwithin the control node 200 of FIG. 2. As is noted in the discussionwith reference to FIG. 2, the global model module 500 performs twofunctions. First, the global model module 500 adjusts the descriptorsassociated with the local environment as provided over bus LME toaccount for global sensor data provided via messages broadcast forglobal sensor nodes over the demand control network. Secondly, theglobal model module stores replica copies of all other local environmentdescriptors in the system, as each of those local environmentdescriptors have been adjusted by their respective global model modules.

The global model module 500 includes a global data processor 501 thatreceives local descriptors and other data via bus LME from itscorresponding local model module. In addition, the global data processor501 interfaces to busses INM, SYNC, and LRRE to receive/transmit data asdescribed above. Local descriptors are stamped and entered into a globaldata array 502 via bus LME entry. The remaining adjusted localdescriptors from other devices are received via bus INM and are enteredinto the global data array 502 via bus GLB entry.

A global model estimator 503 is coupled to the global data array 502 andto the global data processor 501 via busses GLB SENSOR DATA, ACTUALLOCAL RUN DATA, and UPDATE MESSAGE DATA. Global sensor data that isreceived over INM is provided to the estimator 503 via GLB SENSOR DATA.Actual run time data for the corresponding local device that is receivedover bus LRRE is provided to the estimator 503 via ACTUAL LOCAL RUNDATA.

In operation, the global model estimator 503 retrieves its correspondinglocal environment descriptor entry from the global data array 502. Theglobal model estimator 503 includes an environment updater 504 thatmodifies the local descriptor retrieved from the array to incorporatethe effects of global sensor data provided over GLB SENSOR DATA. Forexample, the value of an external building temperature sensor is aparameter that would affect every local temperature descriptor set inthe system. The environment updater 504 modifies its local descriptorset to incorporate any required changes due to global sensor values. Inaddition, the environment updater 504 employs the actual run data of theassociated device to enable it to precisely determine at what point onthe estimated local environmental curve that it is at when modifying thelocal descriptors.

If the environment updater 504 modifies a local descriptor set, itscorresponding entry in the array 502 is updated and is provided to amessaging interface 506 and to a GRRE interface. The messaging interface506 configures update message data and provides this data via UPDATEMESSAGE DATA to the processor 501 for subsequent transmission over theDCN. The GRRE interface 505 provides the updated local environmentdescriptor set to bus GRRE. All operations are performed relative tosynchronization event data provided via SYNC.

Turning to FIG. 6, a block diagram is presented detailing a globalschedule module 600 according to the present invention, such as might bedisposed within the control node 200 of FIG. 2. As described above, theglobal schedule module 600 is responsible for determining a schedule ofoperation (turn on, duration, and duty cycle) for each of the devices inthe system. When the local environment descriptors are updated by acoupled global model module and are received over bus GRRE, then theglobal schedule module 600 operates to revise the global schedule ofdevice operation and to broadcast this updated schedule over the DCN.

The global schedule module 600 includes a global data processor 601 thatinterfaces to INM for reception/transmission of DCN related data, busGRRE for reception of updated local environment descriptors, and busSYNC for reception of synchronization event data. DCN data that isprovided to the global schedule module 600 includes broadcast globalschedules from other control nodes, and non-system device data andconfiguration data as described above. The global data processor 601provides updated global schedule data, received over the DCN from theother control nodes, to a global schedule array 602 via bus GLB ENTRY.The global processor 601 is coupled to a global scheduler 603 via busNON-SYSTEM/CONFIG DATA for transmittal of the non-system device data andconfiguration data. The global processor 601 is also coupled to theglobal scheduler 603 via bus GRRE data for transmittal of updated localenvironment descriptors provided via bus GRRE. And the global scheduler603 is coupled to the processor 601 via bus UPDATE MESSAGE DATA toprovide INM data resulting in DCN messages that broadcast an updatedglobal schedule generated by this module 600 to other control nodes inthe system.

The global scheduler 603 includes a demand manager 604 that is coupledto an LRRE interface 605 via bus LOC and to a messaging interface 606via bus UPDATE. When data is received over either the NON-SYSTEM/CONFIGDATA bus or the GRRE data bus, the demand manager recalculates a globalrelative run schedule for all devices in the system. The schedule for anindividual device includes, but is not limited to, a relative starttime, a duration, and a duty cycle. The relative start time and/orduration may be advanced, maintained, or deferred in order to achieveconfigured constraints of the system in conjunction with the operationof non-system devices and the amount of resource that they consume. Inaddition, for similar purposes the duty cycle for each device in thesystem may be increased or decreased. Yet, as one skilled willappreciate, the system accounts for limits to devices duty cyclemodification to prevent unintended damage to a device. The result is anupdated global schedule, which is stored in the array 602, and which isbroadcast via update messages over the DCN provided via bus UPDATE. Inaddition, the relative run schedule for the corresponding local deviceis provided via bus LOC to the LRRE interface 605, and which is placedon bus LRRE for transmission to a corresponding local schedule module.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a local schedule module 700 accordingto the present invention, such as might be disposed within the controlnode 200 of FIG. 2. The local schedule module 700 includes a localschedule processor 701 that is coupled to bus RUN CTRL, bus LRRE, busSYNC, and bus RTFB. The local schedule processor 701 includes areal-time converter 702 and a fail safe manager 703.

In operation, the local schedule processor 701 receives an updated localrun schedule for its associated device. The real-time converterestablishes an actual run time for the device based upon thesynchronization data provided via SYNC and the relative run time datareceived over LRRE. This real-time data is provided to a correspondinglocal model module via bus RTFB to enable the local model module toestablish device on/off times in the absence of the device's ability toprovide that data itself. Accordingly, the processor 701 directs thedevice to turn on and turn off via commands over RUN CTRL in comportwith the actual run time schedule. In the event that the LRRE includesan indication that the local model is not within an acceptable errorrange, as described above, the fail safe manager 703 directs the devicevia RUN CTRL to operate independently.

Turning now to FIG. 8, a block diagram is presented depicting analternative embodiment of a control node 800 according to the presentinvention. The control node 800 may be employed in a configuration ofthe system of FIG. 1 where algorithms associated with demand managementand coordination are performed off-site, that is, by a NOC 121 that isconfigured to execute all of the modeling and scheduling functionsassociated with each of the control nodes 103 in the demand coordinationsystem 100, taking into account data provided via the sensor nodes 106and monitor nodes 109. Accordingly, such a configured control node 800provides a reduced cost alternative for demand coordination over thecontrol node 200 of FIG. 2 as a result of elimination of processing andstorage capabilities that are shifted to the NOC 121.

As is described above with reference to FIGS. 1-2, each of the controlnodes 103, 200 in the network retain forms of the global model thatdescribe the entire system 100, and local schedules are generatedin-situ on each node 103, 200 by a local schedule module 208. In thiscost-reduced embodiment, the control nodes 800 only store theircorresponding local schedules that have been generated by the NOC 121.Since these nodes 800 have a greater dependency on network availability,they execute an algorithm that selects an appropriate pre-calculatedschedule, based on network availability. Accordingly, the control nodes800 according to the NOC-oriented embodiment are configured to maintainoperation of the system 100 during network disruptions. The algorithmutilizes a set of pre-calculated schedules along with network integrityjudgment criteria used to select one of the pre-calculated schedules.The pre-calculated schedules and judgment criteria are sent to each node800 from the NOC 121. The pre-calculated schedules for the deviceassociated with the control node 800 are based on the latency of lastcommunication with the NOC 121. As the latency increases, increasedlatency is used as an index to select an alternate schedule. Thislatency-indexed scheduling mechanism is configured to ensuredemand-coordinated operation of the devices 101 within the system 100even if the communication network (e.g., WAN and/or LAN) is interrupted,thus improving disruption tolerance of the overall system 100.

In lieu of processing global and local models within the system 100, acontrol node 800 according the NOC-oriented embodiment is configured toforward all data necessary for performing these processing operations tothe NOC 121. The NOC 121 performs this processing for each of thecontrol nodes 800 in the system 100, and the resultant local schedulesare then transmitted to the control nodes 800 within the system 100 sothat the demand coordination operations can continue. By reorienting thesystem 100 to utilize remote storage and processing disposed within theNOC 121, additional demands may be placed on the communication networkutilized by the control nodes 800 within the facility, as well as anynecessary LAN or WAN network needed to communication with the remotestorage and processing facility. To accommodate this increasedutilization of the communication network, the control nodes areconfigured to compress the local data that is transmitted to the NOC121.

The control node 800 includes a node processor 801 that is coupled toone or more local sensors (not shown) via a local sensor bus (LSB) 802,a device control (not shown) via a device sense bus (DSB) 803, and to ademand coordination network (DCN) 804 as has been described above withreference to FIG. 1.

The control node 800 also includes a local model data buffer 805 that iscoupled to the node processor 801 via a synchronization bus (SYNC) 809,a sensor data bus (SENSEDATA) 815, and a device data bus (DEVDATA) 816.The control node 800 also has local model data compression 806 that iscoupled to the node processor 801 via SYNC 809. The local model datacompression 806 is coupled to the local model data buffer 805 via alocal model data (LMD) bus 812. The control node 800 further includes aNOC data transport layer 807 that is coupled to the node processor 201via SYNC 809 and a NOC transport bus (NT) 811, and that is coupled tothe local model data compression 806 via a local compressed data (LCD)bus 813. The control node 800 finally includes a NOC-defined localschedule buffer 808 that is coupled to the node processor 801 via SYNC809 and a run control bus (RUN CTRL) 810. The local schedule buffer 808is coupled to the transport layer 807 via a local schedule (LS) bus 814.

The control node 800 according to the present invention is configured toperform the operations and functions as will be described in furtherdetail below. The control node 800 comprises logic, circuits, devices,or microcode (i.e., micro instructions or native instructions), or acombination of logic, circuits, devices, or microcode, or equivalentelements that are employed to perform the operations and functionsdescribed below. The elements employed to perform these operations andfunctions may be shared with other circuits, microcode, etc., that areemployed to perform other functions within the control node 800.

In operation, synchronization information is received by the nodeprocessor 201. In one embodiment, the synchronization information istime of day data that is broadcast over the DCN 804. In an alternativeembodiment, a synchronization data receiver (not shown) is disposedwithin the node processor 801 itself and the synchronization dataincludes, but is not limited to, atomic clock broadcasts, a receivableperiodic synchronization pulse such as an amplitude modulatedelectromagnetic pulse, and the like. The node processor 801 is furtherconfigured to determine and track relative time for purposes of taggingevents and the like based upon reception of the synchronization data.Preferably, time of day is employed, but such is not necessary foroperation of the system.

The node processor 801 provides periodic synchronization data via SYNC809 to each of the modules 805-808 to enable the modules 805-808 tocoordinate operation and to mark input and output data accordingly. Thenode processor 801 also periodically monitors data provided by the localsensors via LSB 802 and provides this data to the local model databuffer 805 via SENSEDATA 815. The node processor 801 also monitors theDSB 803 to determine when an associated device (not shown) is turned onor turned off. Device status is provided to the local model data buffer805 via DEVDATA 816. The node processor 801 also controls the associateddevice via the DSB 803 as is directed via commands over bus RUN CTRL810. The node processor 801 further transmits and receives networkmessages over the DCN 804. Received message data is provided to the NOCtransport layer 807 via NT 811.

Periodically, in coordination with data provided via SYNC 809, the localmodel data buffer 805 buffers sensor data provided via SENSEDATA 815 inconjunction with device actuation data provided via DEVDATA 816 andprovides this buffered data periodically to the data compression 806 viaLMD 812. The data compression 806 compresses the buffered data accordingto known compression mechanisms and provides this compressed data to thetransport layer 807 via LCD 813. The transport layer 807 configurespackets for transmission to the NOC 121 and provides these packets tothe node processor 801 via NT 811. The node processor 801 transmits thepackets to the NOC 121 over the DCN 804.

One or more compressed local schedules along with latency-basedselection criteria are received from the NOC 121 via packets over theDCN 804 and are provided to the transport layer 807 over NT 811. The oneor more local schedules and selection criteria are decompressed by thetransport layer 807 according to known mechanisms and are provided tothe local schedule buffer 808 via LS 814. As a function of transportlatency to/from the NOC 122, the local schedule buffer 808 selects oneor the one or more local schedules and directs the associated device toturn on and turn off at the appropriate times via commands over RUN CTRL810, which are processed by the node processor 801 and provided to thedevice control via DSB 803.

Now turning to FIG. 9, a block diagram is presented illustrating a NOCprocessor 900 for off-site demand management. The NOC processor 900 maybe employed in a system along with control nodes 800 as discussed abovewith reference to FIG. 8 where all of the processing associated with thegeneration and maintenance of local device models and global systemmodels is performed exclusively by the NOC. In addition to modelgeneration and maintenance, the NOC generates one or more latency-basedlocal schedules for each device in the system and transmits thoseschedules to the devices over a WAN or LAN as is discussed withreference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 8. For clarity sake, only elementsessential to an understanding of the present invention are depicted.

The processor 900 may include a transport layer 901 that is coupled tothe WAN/LAN. The transport layer 901 is coupled to a node selector 902.A decompressor 903 is coupled to the node selector 902 and to a modelprocessor 904. The model processor 904 is coupled to a schedule buffer905, which is coupled to a compressor 906. The compressor 906 is coupledto the node selector.

In operation, compressed local model data for each device in the systemis received via packets transmitted over the WAN/LAN. The transportlayer 901 receives the packets and provides the data to the nodeselector 902. The node selector 902 determines an identification for acontrol node 800 which provided the data and provides the data to thedecompressor 903. The node selector 902, based on the identification ofthe control node 800, also selects a representation model (e.g., airconditioning, heating, etc.) for the data and provides this to thedecompressor 903.

The decompressor 903 decompresses the data and provides the decompresseddata, along with the representation model, to the model processor 904.The model processor performs all of local and global modeling functionsfor each of the system devices in aggregate, as is discussed above withreference to the local model module 205, global model module 206, globalschedule module 207 and local schedule module 208 of FIG. 2, with theexception that the model processor 904 generates one or more localschedules for each device along with selection criteria which is basedupon network latency.

The one or more local schedules and selection criteria are provided bythe model processor 904 to the schedule buffer 905. In one embodiment,the schedule buffer 905 provides schedules in order of device priorityto the compressor 906. The compressor 906 compresses schedules andselection criteria for transmission over the WAN/LAN and the compressedschedules and selection criteria are sent to the node selector 902. Thenode selector 902 identifies the target node and provides thisindication to the transport layer 901 along with the data. The transportlayer 901 formats and transmits the data in the form of packets over theWAN/LAN for reception by the demand coordination network and ultimatedistribution to the target node.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a block diagram is presented illustratingelements of a model processor 1000 according to the present invention,such as may be employed in the NOC processor 900 of FIG. 9. The modelprocessor 1000 includes one or more sets of local model modules 1005,global model modules 1006, global schedule modules 1007, and localschedules modules 1008 for each of N nodes in the system. As noted abovewith reference to FIG. 9, in operation these modules 1005-1008 performsubstantially similar functions as the like-named modules 205-208 ofFIG. 2, with the exception that the local schedules modules 1008generate one or more local schedules for each device along withselection criteria which is based upon network latency.

As noted with reference the FIG. 1, the system 100 may optionallyinclude one or more non-system devices 107, each having associateddevice control 108 that is coupled to a respective monitor node 109 viaa non-system bus (NSB) 114. The monitor node 109 monitors the state ofits respective non-system device 107 via its device control 108 todetermine whether the non-system device 107 is consuming the managedresource (i.e., turned on) or not (i.e., turned off). Changes to thestatus of each non-system device 107 are broadcast by its respectivemonitor node 109 over the DCN 110 to the control nodes 103 andconsumption of the resource by these non-system devices 107 is employedas a factor during scheduling of the system devices 101 in order tomanage and control peak demand of the resource. The following discussionis directed towards an embodiment of the present invention where thereare additionally one or more non-system devices 107 deployed that do nothave a corresponding device control 108 and a corresponding monitor node109. The embodiment that follows is provided to enable either passive oractive monitoring of consumption of a given resource by these non-systemdevices 107 to enable more effective demand coordination of the system100.

Turning now to FIG. 11, a flow diagram 1100 is presented that features amethod for passively modeling one or more non-system devices 107 that donot include corresponding device controls 108 and monitor nodes 109. Themodeling is enabled via a facility consumption monitoring device (e.g.,a power meter) that provides an accurate and substantially real timevalue for consumption of a resource (e.g., electricity). To affect themethod discussed below, the facility consumption monitoring device isconfigured as a non-system device 107 that is coupled to a correspondingmonitor node 109. The non-system device is 107 is not required tocomprise a corresponding device control 108.

At a summary level, the operation of known, monitored devices 101, 107is utilized by the network 100 to control demand within the facility, asis discussed above. However, the embodiment of FIG. 11 enablescapabilities of the demand coordination network 100 to improve demandcoordination by inferring consumption of the resource by non-system,unmonitored devices that cannot be directly measured and utilizing theinferred consumption in the global model of the system 100. By accessingtotal facility consumption at, say, a power meter, a model is built ofthese non-monitored, non-system devices within a facility. The model mayinclude probabilistic information of the time and magnitude of energyused by those devices. This information my then be utilized by theglobal model and scheduler on each controlled device 101 to furtherrefine the ability of the network to control total energy demand of afacility. By modeling the operation and consumption patterns ofmonitored and controlled devices, and by knowing the total consumptionwithin the facility, the demand management system 100 is able to performa subtractions of known energy consumers from the total consumption,resulting in a value that represents unmonitored and uncontrolledconsumption. By modeling this “unmonitored consumption” value, thesystem is able to more effectively manage total energy demand within afacility.

Flow begins at block 1102, where a system configuration 100 according toFIG. 1 includes a facility resource monitoring device that is configuredas a non-system device 107 that is coupled to a monitoring node 109. Thesystem also includes one or more control nodes 103, 200 that areconfigured to function as described above, and to additionally performthe functions described below for passive monitoring of non-system,non-monitored devices. Flow then proceeds to decision block 1104.

At block 1104, the control nodes 103, 200 via information provided overthe DCN 110 from the monitor node 109 coupled to the facility resourcemeter, determine whether there is a change in facility resourceconsumption. If not, then flow proceeds to block 1104, and monitoringfor change continues. If so, then flow proceeds to block 1106.

At block 1106, the nodes 103, 200 record the time and magnitude of thechange in resource consumption. Flow then proceeds to decision block1108.

At decision block 1108, the control nodes evaluate the global model todetermine if the change in resource consumption coincided with a changeof state in monitored equipment, that is, in system devices 101. If so,then flow proceeds to block 1110. If not, then flow proceeds to block1112.

At block 1112, the change in resource consumption is attributed to apool of non-system, non-monitored devices within the global model. Flowthen proceeds to block 1124.

At block 1110, the change in resource consumption is attributed to thesystem device 101 whose state change coincided with the change inresource consumption, and the local device model and global model areupdated to reflect the consumption reading. Flow then proceeds todecision block 1114.

At decision block 1114, an evaluation is made to determine if the localdevice model comprises existing consumption data for the device. If so,then flow proceeds to decision block 1118. If not, then flow proceeds toblock 1116.

At block 1116, the device's local model (and system global model) areupdated to store the resource consumption that was detected. Theaccuracy of the reading is marked as a low confidence reading. Flow thenproceeds to block 1124.

At decision block 1118, the control node 103, 200 determines whether theresource consumption measurement obtained is consistent with theexisting consumption data. If so, then flow proceeds to block 1122. Ifnot, then flow proceeds to block 1120.

At block 1122, the control node 103, 200 increases the confidence levelof resource consumption for the device in its local model (and resultingglobal model). Flow then proceeds to block 1124.

At block 1120, the measurement is updated in the local model for thedevice and it is marked as a deviation from previous readings. Flow thenproceeds to block 1124.

At block 1124, the method completes.

Referring now to FIG. 12, a flow diagram 1200 is presented that featuresa method for actively modeling one or more non-system devices 107 thatdo not include corresponding device controls 108 and monitor nodes 109.Like the passive method of FIG. 11, the method according to an activemodeling embodiment is enabled via a facility consumption monitoringdevice (e.g., a power meter) that provides an accurate and substantiallyreal time value for consumption of a resource (e.g., electricity). Toaffect the method discussed below, the facility consumption monitoringdevice is configured as a non-system device 107 that is coupled to acorresponding monitor node 109. The non-system device is 107 is notrequired to comprise a corresponding device control 108.

At a summary level, the operation of known, monitored devices 101, 107is utilized by the network 100 to control demand within the facility, asis discussed above. However, the embodiment of FIG. 12 enablescapabilities of the demand coordination network 100 to improve demandcoordination by actively changing the state of a system device 101 andthen monitoring the total facility power consumption. Uncorrelatedconsumption of the resource by non-system, unmonitored devices thatcannot be directly measured is thus inferred, and the inferredconsumption is utilized in the global model of the system 100. Byaccessing total facility consumption at, say, a power meter, a model isbuilt of these non-monitored, non-system devices within a facility. Themodel may include probabilistic information of the time and magnitude ofenergy used by those devices. This information my then be utilized bythe global model and scheduler on each controlled device 101 to furtherrefine the ability of the network to control total energy demand of afacility. By modeling the operation and consumption patterns ofmonitored and controlled devices, and by knowing the total consumptionwithin the facility, the demand management system 100 is able to performa subtractions of known energy consumers from the total consumption,resulting in a value that represents unmonitored and uncontrolledconsumption. By modeling this “unmonitored consumption” value, thesystem is able to more effectively manage total energy demand within afacility.

Flow begins at block 1202, where a system configuration 100 according toFIG. 1 includes a facility resource monitoring device that is configuredas a non-system device 107 that is coupled to a monitoring node 109. Thesystem also includes one or more control nodes 103, 200 that areconfigured to function as described above, and to additionally performthe functions described below for active monitoring of non-system,non-monitored devices. Flow then proceeds to decision block 1204.

At decision block 1204, an evaluation is made to determine if thefacility resource meter is stable. If so, then flow proceeds to block1206. If not, then the data from the monitor node 109 corresponding tothe resource meter is periodically polled until stability is sensed.

At block 1206, via a local schedule in a selected device 101, the stateof the device 101 is changed. Flow them proceeds to decision block 1208.

At decision block 1208, the control nodes 103, 200 evaluate the globalmodel to determine if the change in resource consumption coincided witha change of state in the selected system device 101. If so, then flowproceeds to block 1210. If not, then flow proceeds to block 1212.

At block 1212, the change in resource consumption is attributed to apool of non-system, non-monitored devices within the global model. Flowthen proceeds to block 1204.

At block 1210, the change in resource consumption is attributed to thesystem device 101 whose state change was actively forced, and the localdevice model and global model are updated to reflect the consumptionreading. Flow then proceeds to decision block 1214.

At decision block 1214, an evaluation is made to determine if the localdevice model comprises existing consumption data for the device. If so,then flow proceeds to decision block 1218. If not, then flow proceeds toblock 1216.

At block 1216, the device's local model (and system global model) areupdated to store the resource consumption that was detected. Theaccuracy of the reading is marked as a low confidence reading. Flow thenproceeds to block 1224.

At decision block 1218, the control node 103, 200 determines whether theresource consumption measurement obtained is consistent with theexisting consumption data. If so, then flow proceeds to block 1222. Ifnot, then flow proceeds to block 1220.

At block 1222, the control node 103, 200 increases the confidence levelof resource consumption for the device in its local model (and resultingglobal model). Flow then proceeds to block 1224.

At block 1220, the measurement is updated in the local model for thedevice and it is marked as a deviation from previous readings. Flow thenproceeds to block 1224.

At block 1224, the method completes.

Advantageously, according to the embodiment of FIG. 12, the presentinvention provides the capability to measure facility energy consumptionin order to directly ascertain the energy consumption of system devices101 without the additional expense and complexity of energy consumptionmeasuring devices being installed on each device in the system. In somecases the magnitude of energy consumption (or generation) of thosedevices can be directly measured or predicted with an acceptable degreeof accuracy. In other cases, however, it is desirable to know the actualenergy consumed (or generated) by a device without direct measurement.By utilizing the demand coordination network 100 to ascertain theoperational state of all other devices in the network, a value can bebuilt that represents current energy consumption. The device 101 inquestion can then be cycled on/off periodically, and the change inconsumption can be measured at a facility resource meter. The change inconsumption can be temporally correlated to the controlled cycling ofthe device 101, and a measurement of the device can then be accuratelyobtained. Utilizing the ability to monitor the facility consumption,while also directly controlling the operation of controlled devices 101allows the observation of the consumption of the controlled device 101by changing the operational state of the controlled device 101 andobserving the change in energy consumption at the meter in temporalsynchronization with the device operation. The same can be achieved inmonitored, non-system devices, since, although their operation can notbe controlled, it can be directly observed via the monitoring device. Inthis way the monitored device consumption can also be ascertained.

The present invention can furthermore be extended to comprehendevaluating the operation of equipment within a facility in addition toor in place of performing demand management of a resource. The dataobtained may be used to model operation of devices within the facilitycan also be utilized to make decisions about the relative efficiency,and changes therein, of the equipment as well as the facility. Thiscapability builds upon the model-based demand coordination network 100of FIG. 1 to provide additional value about the operation, efficiency,and predictive service requirements of monitored and non-monitored(synthesized) equipment. By utilizing a demand management system likethat of FIG. 1 that comprises control nodes 103, 200 with additionalequipment modeling features, or by creating a stand-alone system whichemploys a similar architecture, the empirically derived “nominal”operation of equipment within a facility is modeled and understood, aswell as the “nominal” operation of the facility as a whole. The systemcan also monitor deviations from nominal operation, and, through accessto data about the devices therein, can create a set of probable causesas well as suggesting corrective actions. The discussion with referenceto FIGS. 1-7 describes the data and subsequent model for each sensor anddevice in the demand coordination network 100. Utilizing this model datato monitor for exceptions to nominal operation can provide insight tomachine operational changes that may represent changes in operation ofthe equipment (e.g., changes in efficiency or equipment failures) aswell as changes in the facility (e.g., air leaks and infiltration, lossof insulation due to water damage, doors or windows open, etc). Theseexceptions to normal operation can be programmed statically ordynamically, and can vary with respect to time. Additionally, theseexceptions could also extend to the identification of security breacheswithin a facility (e.g., heat, lighting or AC activated by unauthorizedpersonnel).

In one embodiment, the system 100 can utilize the architecture describedabove to perform the analysis, by substituting control nodes having theadditional analysis capabilities. The analysis of facility and equipmentperformance may be performed in-situ by these control nodes, since eachnode comprises local and global model information.

Turning to FIG. 13, a block diagram is presented illustrating a controlnode 1300 according to the present invention that provides additionalcapabilities for equipment and facility modeling over the control node200 of FIG. 2. The control node 1300 comprises substantially the sameelements as the node 200 of FIG. 2 with the exception that a localmodel/analysis module 1305 is substituted for the local model module205, and a global model/analysis module 1306 is substituted for theglobal model module 206.

In operation, elements of the control node 1300 function substantiallythe same as like named elements of the control node 200 of FIG. 2,except that additional features are provided for in the localmodel/analysis module 1305 to perform the functions noted above, andadditional features are provided for in the global model/analysis module1306 to perform aggregate and global modeling of equipment and/orfacility operation, in addition to demand management. In one embodiment,algorithms in the modules 1305-1306 are executed to perform the abovenoted functions.

Turning to FIG. 14, a block diagram is presented illustrating analternative embodiment of an equipment and/or facility operationanalysis system 1400 that performs the functions described above as astand-alone system. That is, the system 1400 of FIG. 14 is notconfigured to perform demand management, but only configured to performequipment and/or facility analysis. Accordingly, the embodiment of FIG.14 may utilize lower cost, simpler monitor nodes 1409 that do notincorporate the local and global models discussed with reference toFIGS. 1-7, but that instead utilize a separate analyzing processor 1430that contains the local model data for each device in the system as wellas the global model data for the entire system 1400.

The system 1400 includes one or more devices 1401 having one or morecorresponding resource sensors 1402 coupled thereto or disposed therein.Each device 1401 is coupled to a corresponding monitor node 1409, andthe monitor nodes 1409 are coupled to the analysis processor 1430 via anetwork 1410 substantially like the network 110 of FIG. 1. The network1410 may also be coupled to a gateway node 1420 that is coupled viaknown means (e.g., WAN or LAN) to a network operations center 1420.

In operation, the sensors 1402 sense resource consumption of the devices1401 and provide this data to the monitor nodes 1409 via sense busses SB1414. The monitor nodes 1414 transmit the resource consumption data tothe analysis processor 1430 for tagging and analysis over the network1410. The analysis processor 1430 is configured to develop local modeldata for each device in the system 1400 as well as a global model forthe entire system 1400. The analysis processor 1430 analyses the dataagainst expected results from the models and develops a list of devices1401 whose results deviated from that expected. The analysis processor1430 employ the exception data along with data provided regarding normalequipment operation to determine actions to correct, repair, or improvethe devices 1401 and/or the system 1400 as a whole. The analysisprocessor 1430 also formats the results of the analysis and transmitsthese to the NOC 1420 via the gateway node 1420. In one embodiment, thenormal (expected) device operational data and lists of actions (e.g.,corrective, repair, etc.) are transmitted to the analysis processor 1430from the NOC 1421.

Now referring to FIG. 15, a flow diagram is presented illustrating howdevices and/or a facility are monitored for nominal operation a demandcontrol system like that of FIG. 1 that utilizes enhanced control nodes1300 of FIG. 13 or by the analyzing system 1400 of FIG. 14. Flow beginsat block 1502 where monitored and/or controlled devices 1401 areoperating. Flow then proceeds to decision block 1504.

At decision block 1504, it is determined whether a polling timeout orresource consumption event has occurred. In one embodiment, the controlnodes/monitor nodes are polled periodically for resource consumptiondata. In another embodiment, a change in resource consumption causes amonitoring event to occur, thus resulting in transmission of aconsumption message over the network to other control nodes or to theanalysis processor 1430. If the timeout/event has not occurred,monitoring continues at decision block 1504. If it has occurred, thenflow proceeds to block 1506.

At block 1506, resource consumption data is obtained from the devices1401 by the control/monitor nodes and local models are updated by thecontrol nodes 1300/analysis processor 1430. Flow then proceeds to block1508.

At block 1508, the global model is updated by the control nodes1300/analysis processor 1430. Flow then proceeds to block 1510.

At block 1510, the normal operational data provided, in one embodiment,by the NOC 1421, is employed by the control nodes 1300/analysisprocessor 1430 to analyze device performance as represented in theglobal model. Flow then proceeds to block 1512.

At block 1512, the control nodes 1300/analysis processor 1430 generatean exception list of devices and/or facility operation based uponthresholds and other data included in the normal operational data. Flowthen proceeds to block 1514.

At block 1514, the control nodes 1300/analysis processor 1430 generatesan action list base upon a set of appropriate actions (e.g.,maintenance, repair, call police) provided along with the normaloperational data. Flow then proceeds to block 1516.

At block 1516, the control nodes 1300/analysis processor 1430 format andforward these results to the NOC. Flow then proceeds to block 1520.

At block 1520, the method completes.

Several embodiments of the present invention have been described aboveto address a wide variety of applications where modeling and managingresource demand for a system of devices is a requirement. In manyinstances, the present inventors have observed that demand of aparticular resource (e.g., electricity) may be managed by mechanismsother than deferral and advancement of both device schedules and/ortheir associated duty cycles. As a result, the present inventors havenoted that the interrelationship of related devices may be exploited toachieve a level of comfort as is defined above that minimizesconsumption of the resource.

Consider, for example, the interrelationship of an air conditioner, ahumidifier, and occupant lighting in the management of the consumptionof electricity where the level of comfort includes the body temperaturesensations of one or more facility occupants (e.g., humans). One skilledin the art will appreciate the level of comfort sensed by an occupant isa function of more variables than mere ambient air temperature, which iscontrolled by the air conditioning system. The occupant's perception oftemperature is also affected by the level of humidity, which may becontrolled by the humidifier, and by the color of interior lighting. Itis beyond the scope of the present application to provide an in depthdiscussion of how variations in air temperature, humidity, and lightingcolor affect an occupant's perception of body temperature. It is rathersufficient to appreciate that these variables may be modulated withinacceptable ranges to maintain a given level of comfort. And the presentinventors have noted that these interrelationships may be exploitedaccording to the present invention to provide given level of comfort forthe occupant while minimizing demand. In the example above, consider thelevel of consumption of the resource for each individual devices. Saythat air conditioning requires the most electricity, the humidifierrequires a medium amount of electricity, and changing the colortemperature of occupant lighting requires the least amount of energy.Consequently, the present inventors have observed that demand may bereduced by utilizing color temperature control or humidity control inlieu of changing the air temperature.

Accordingly, an embodiment of the present invention is provided belowthat is directed towards managing demand of a resource throughsubstitution of devices within a comfort range. It is noted thatalthough the embodiment will be discussed below with reference todevices related to the control of air temperature, the present inventionis not to be restricted to control of such a variable by specificdevices. Rather, it should be appreciated that an air temperatureexample is presented to clearly teach important aspects of the presentinvention, and that other embodiments may easily be derived by thoseskilled in the art to control demand of other resources throughsubstitution of interrelated devices.

Turning to FIG. 16, a block diagram is presented detailing a comfortmanagement system 1600 according to the present invention. The system1600 includes a comfort controller 1601 that is coupled to an airconditioning system 1602, a humidifier 1603, a temperature sensor 1604,occupant lighting 1608, a color temperature meter 1609, a thermostat1605, a hygrometer 1606, and an other system 1607 (e.g., one or morefans, one or more heated/cooled seats, etc.). The system 1600 may alsoinclude one ore more facility occupants 1611.

In operation, the comfort controller 1601 is configured to receive airtemperature settings from the thermostat 1605 and to control the levelof comfort for the occupants 1611 by manipulating the schedules and dutycycles of the air conditioning system 1602, the humidifier 1603, theoccupant lighting 1608 (by changing the color temperature), and theother system 1607 in a manner such that demand of a correspondingresource (e.g., electricity) is optimized. The comfort controller 1601is also configured to receive data associated with the air temperature,humidity, and lighting color temperature from the temperature sensor1604, the hygrometer 1606, and the color temperature meter 1609,respectively. The comfort controller 1601 is further configured toperform the above noted functions in such a way as to generate,maintain, and update local device models, a global system model, aglobal system schedule, and local device schedules as has beenpreviously described with reference to FIGS. 1-7.

Accordingly, the system 1600 comprehends integration into the demandcontrol network 100 of FIG. 1 by coupling appropriate control nodes 103,sensor nodes 106, and/or monitor nodes 109 to the devices 1602-1609 andto employ models within the control nodes 103 to affect control of thelevel of comfort by substituting activation of one or more of thecontrollable devices 1602-1604, 1607-1608 in order to optimize demand ofthe resource. The system 1600 further comprehends a stand-alone system1600, like the analysis system 1400 of FIG. 14, by coupling appropriatecontrol nodes 103, sensor nodes 106, and/or monitor nodes 109 to thedevices 1602-1609 and employing the comfort controller 1601 to performall the functions necessary to generate, update, and maintain models andschedules for all the devices 1602-1609 in the system 1600 and to affectcontrol of the level of comfort by substituting activation of one ormore of the controllable devices 1602-1604, 1607-1608 in order tooptimize demand of the resource.

Referring FIG. 17, a block diagram is presented showing a comfortcontroller 1700 according to the system of FIG. 16. As noted above, thecomfort controller 1700 may be disposed in one or more control nodes ina demand control network, where the control nodes are modified to addthe supplemental functions of controlling the level of comfort for thesystem 1600 by substituting activation of one or more of thecontrollable devices 1602-1604, 1607-1608. The controller 1700 mayalternatively be disposed as a stand-alone unit. The controller 1700includes an input/output (I/O) processor 1701 that is coupled to acomfort processor 1702 via a readings bus READINGS. The comfortprocessor 1702 is coupled to device energy v. comfort stores 1703 via acomfort data bus CDATA, and to device actuation 1704 via a device selectbus DEVSEL. The device actuation 1704 is coupled to the I/O processor1701 via a device control bus DEVCTRL.

Operationally, the I/O processor 1701 is configured to receive data fromthe system devices including state and sensor data. The I/O processor1701 is also configured to control the state of controllable devices.Exemplary devices and controllable devices include, but are not limitedto, air conditioners, heaters, humidifiers, thermostats, temperaturesensors, hygrometers, occupant lighting, ambient light sensors, lightcolor sensors, multi-zone infrared temperature sensors, air flowsensors, fans, and heated/cooled seating. In a stand-aloneconfiguration, the I/O processor 1701 is also configured to coupled thecomfort controller to a user interface via a display with user controlsand/or via a communications interface that couples to a set of usercontrols and displays. In the stand alone configuration, the comfortcontroller also includes a real time clock (not shown) to enable standalone modeling and scheduling.

Device states, sensor data, and optional user controls are provided tothe comfort processor 1702 over READINGS. The comfort processor 1702generates, updates, and maintains local models, global models, globalschedules, and local schedules for all devices in the system andfurthermore utilizes comfort data provided by the stores 1703 tosubstitute devices in the system for other devices in order to optimizedemand of the resource while maintaining a given comfort level. Devicesthat are selected for state changes are provided to the device actuation1704 over DEVSEL. The device actuation 1704 is configured to control thecontrollable devices as directed via DEVSEL. Device control data is sentto the I/O processor 1701 via DEVCTRL.

The present inventors have additionally observed capabilities accordingto the present invention to model a system of devices, both locally andglobally, and to schedule those devices for operation in order tooptimize demand of a resource is useful as a technique for identifyingand vetting candidate facilities for application of one or moreembodiments of a demand coordination network as described above.Accordingly, a mechanism is provided that utilizes data external to oneor more facilities (e.g., buildings) in order to synthesize localmodels, global models, global schedules, and local schedules for thosefacilities in order to determine candidates for application of a demandcoordination network. The candidate list may be employed by marketingand/or sales organizations associated with the demand coordinationnetwork or may be utilized by governing entities, resource distributors,and the like.

Referring now to FIG. 18, a block diagram is presented depicting ademand control candidate selection system 1800 according to the presentinvention. The system 1800 includes a demand control candidate processor1801 that includes one or more sets of synthesized models (local andglobal) and schedules (local and global) 1809.1-1809.N, where each setcorresponds to a corresponding one or more buildings. The processor 1801receives data from one or more optional stores 1801-1806 including, butnot limited to, aerial image data 1801, satellite image data 1802, realestate records 1803, energy consumption data 1804, building/equipmentmodels 1805, and building selection criteria 180. The processor 1801identifies one or more candidate buildings for application of demandcoordination techniques and provides the one or more candidate buildingsto output stores 1807-1808 including, but not limited to, a candidatebuilding list 1807 and sales/marketing leads 1808.

In operation, the system 1800 operates as a stand-alone demandcoordination synthesis system substantially similar to the stand-aloneembodiments discussed above with reference to FIGS. 14 and 16-17 byutilizing data provided by the stores 1801-1806 to synthesizelocal/global models and schedules 1809.1-1809.N for each building thatis identified for evaluation. In one embodiment, the building selectioncriteria 1806 comprises thresholds for demand of a resource based uponbuilding size.

Many of the loads and resource consuming devices corresponding to aparticular building can be visually identified remotely via the use ofthe aerial image data 1801 and/or the satellite image data 1802. Morespecifically, the processor 1801 is configured to employ imageprocessing algorithms to determine prospective candidate buildings. Theprocessor 1801 is also configured to utilize the real estate records1803, energy consumption data 1804, and building/equipment models 1805to determine, say, building ownership, building occupants, buildingdesign configuration, and estimated energy demand.

Accordingly, the processor 1801 employs the data noted above tosynthesize corresponding local/global models/schedules 1809.1-1809.N forthe devices and loads which were identified. Those buildings whosemodels/schedules 1809.1-1809.N satisfy the building selection criteria1806 are marked as candidate buildings and the list of buildingcandidates is provides to the candidate building list 1807 and/or thesales/marketing leads 1808.

Although the present invention and its objects, features, and advantageshave been described in detail, other embodiments are encompassed by theinvention as well. For example, the present invention has been primarilydescribed herein as being useful for managing consumption side peakdemand. However, the scope of the present invention extends to a systemof devices (e.g., generators) on the supply side for controlling thesupply of a resource. Such is an extremely useful application that iscontemplated for supply of a resource by a resource supplier havingnumerous, but not simultaneously operable supply devices. One suchexample is a state-wide electrical supply grid.

In addition, the present invention comprehends geographicallydistributed systems as well to include a fleet of vehicles or any otherform of system whose local environments can be modeled and associateddevices controlled to reduce peak demand of a resource.

Moreover, the present invention contemplates devices that comprisevariable stages of consumption rather than the simple on/off stagesdiscussed above. In such configurations, a control node according to thepresent invention is configured to monitor, model, and control avariable stage consumption device.

Portions of the present invention and corresponding detailed descriptionare presented in terms of software, or algorithms and symbolicrepresentations of operations on data bits within a computer memory.These descriptions and representations are the ones by which those ofordinary skill in the art effectively convey the substance of their workto others of ordinary skill in the art. An algorithm, as the term isused here, and as it is used generally, is conceived to be aself-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The stepsare those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities.Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form ofoptical, electrical, or magnetic signals capable of being stored,transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It hasproven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, torefer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters,terms, numbers, or the like.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise, or as is apparent from the discussion,terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or“determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action andprocesses of a computer system, a microprocessor, a central processingunit, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates andtransforms data represented as physical, electronic quantities withinthe computer system's registers and memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the computer system memoriesor registers or other such information storage, transmission or displaydevices.

Note also that the software implemented aspects of the invention aretypically encoded on some form of program storage medium or implementedover some type of transmission medium. The program storage medium may beelectronic (e.g., read only memory, flash read only memory, electricallyprogrammable read only memory), random access memory magnetic (e.g., afloppy disk or a hard drive) or optical (e.g., a compact disk read onlymemory, or “CD ROM”), and may be read only or random access. Similarly,the transmission medium may be metal traces, twisted wire pairs, coaxialcable, optical fiber, or some other suitable transmission medium knownto the art. The invention is not limited by these aspects of any givenimplementation.

The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, andthose skilled in the art will appreciate that they can readily use thedisclosed conception and specific embodiments as a basis for designingor modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of thepresent invention, and that various changes, substitutions andalterations can be made herein without departing from the scope of theinvention as set forth by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for controlling peak demand of aresource within a facility, the apparatus comprising: a first controlnode, disposed within the facility and coupled to a second control nodevia a demand coordination network, said first control node comprising: anode processor, coupled to a first energy consuming device, configuredto transmit sensor data and device status via said demand coordinationnetwork for generation of a plurality of run time schedules, andconfigured to operate said first energy consuming device within anacceptable operating margin to maintain a first local environment bycycling on and off according to said plurality of run time schedules;and a network operations center (NOC), disposed external to thefacility, configured to generate said plurality of run time schedules tocontrol the peak demand of the resource, wherein one or more run timesstart prior to peak demand of the resource to maintain correspondinglocal environments, said NOC comprising: a global schedule module,operationally coupled to said first node processor, configured tocoordinate run times for said first energy consuming device and a secondenergy consuming device, wherein coordination is based on a global runtime schedule, an adjusted first descriptor set characterizing saidfirst local environment, and an adjusted second descriptor setcharacterizing a second local environment; and a local schedule module,coupled to said global schedule module, configured to direct said firstenergy consuming device to cycle on and off at appropriate times as afunction of a first device actuation schedule provided by said globalschedule module.
 2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, whereincoordination of said run times for said first and second energyconsuming devices comprises advancing a first one or more of a pluralityof start times, deferring a second one or more of said plurality ofstart times, and increasing one or more of a plurality of duty cycles.3. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said NOC develops setsof descriptors, each set characterizing an associated one of saidcorresponding local environments.
 4. The apparatus as recited in claim3, wherein said NOC employs said sensor data and said device status toadjust associated sets of descriptors.
 5. The apparatus as recited inclaim 1, wherein said NOC develops and maintains said global run timeschedule that specifies start time, duration, and duty cycle for saidfirst and second energy consuming devices.
 6. The apparatus as recitedin claim 5, further comprising: a monitor node, coupled to a non-systemdevice and to said demand coordination network, configured to broadcastwhen said non-system device is consuming the resource, wherein said NOCaccounts for consumption of the resource by said non-system device whengenerating said global run time schedule.
 7. The apparatus as recited inclaim 1, wherein said NOC generates two or more of said plurality of runtime schedules for said first energy consuming device, and wherein saidfirst control node selects one of said two or more of said plurality ofrun time schedules for execution based upon latency of lastcommunication with said NOC.
 8. The apparatus as recited in claim 1,wherein said demand coordination network comprises an IEEE 802.15.4wireless network.
 9. A peak demand control system, for managing peakenergy demand within a facility, the peak demand control systemcomprising: a first control node, disposed within the facility andcoupled to a second control node via a demand coordination network, saidfirst control node comprising: a node processor, coupled to a firstenergy consuming device, configured to transmit sensor data and devicestatus via said demand coordination network for generation of aplurality of run time schedules, and configured to operate said firstenergy consuming device within an acceptable operating margin tomaintain a first local environment by cycling on and off according tosaid plurality of run time schedules; and a network operations center(NOC), disposed external to the facility, configured to generate saidplurality of run time schedules to control peak demand of a resource,wherein one or more run times start prior to said peak demand of saidresource to maintain corresponding local environments, said NOCcomprising: a global schedule module, operationally coupled to saidfirst node processor, configured to coordinate run times for said firstenergy consuming device and a second energy consuming device, whereincoordination is based on a global run time schedule, an adjusted firstdescriptor set characterizing said first local environment, and anadjusted second descriptor set characterizing a second localenvironment; and a local schedule module, coupled to said globalschedule module, configured to direct said first energy consuming deviceto cycle on and off at appropriate times as a function of a first deviceactuation schedule provided by said global schedule module; and one ormore sensor nodes, coupled to said demand coordination network,configured to provide one or more global sensor data sets to said NOC,wherein said NOC employs said one or more global sensor data sets indetermining said run times.
 10. The peak demand control system asrecited in claim 9, wherein coordination of said run times for saidfirst and second energy consuming devices comprises advancing a firstone or more of a plurality of start times, deferring a second one ormore of said plurality of start times, and increasing one or more of aplurality of duty cycles.
 11. The peak demand control system as recitedin claim 9, wherein said NOC develops sets of descriptors, each setcharacterizing an associated one of said corresponding localenvironments.
 12. The peak demand control system as recited in claim 11,wherein said NOC employs said sensor data and said device status toadjust associated sets of descriptors.
 13. The peak demand controlsystem as recited in claim 9, wherein said NOC develops and maintainssaid global run time schedule that specifies start time, duration, andduty cycle for said first and second energy consuming devices.
 14. Thepeak demand control system as recited in claim 13, further comprising: amonitor node, coupled to a non-system device and to said demandcoordination network, configured to broadcast when said non-systemdevice is consuming energy, wherein said NOC accounts for consumption ofsaid energy by said non-system device when generating said global runtime schedule.
 15. The peak demand control system as recited in claim 9,wherein said NOC generates two or more of said plurality of run timeschedules for said each of said plurality of devices, and wherein saideach of said plurality of control nodes selects one of said two or moreof said plurality of run time schedules for execution based upon latencyof last communication with said NOC.
 16. The peak demand control systemas recited in claim 9, wherein said demand coordination networkcomprises an IEEE 802.15.4 wireless network.
 17. A method forcontrolling peak demand of a resource within a facility, the methodcomprising: coupling a first control node and a second control nodetogether within the facility via a demand coordination network; via thefirst control node, transmitting sensor data and device status via thedemand coordination network for generation of a plurality of run timeschedules, and operating a first energy consuming device within anacceptable operating margin to maintain a first local environment bycycling on and off according to the plurality of run time schedules; andvia a network operations center (NOC) disposed external to the facility,generating the plurality of run time schedules to control the peakdemand of the resource, wherein one or more run times start prior to thepeak demand of the resource to maintain corresponding localenvironments, and coordinating run times for the first energy consumingdevice and a second energy consuming device, wherein coordination isbased on a global run time schedule, an adjusted first descriptor setcharacterizing the first local environment, and an adjusted seconddescriptor set characterizing a second local environment, a first deviceactivation schedule and a second device activation schedule directingthe first and second energy consuming devices, respectively, to cycle onand off at appropriate times.
 18. The method as recited in claim 17,wherein coordination of the run times for the first and second energyconsuming devices comprises advancing a first one or more of a pluralityof start times, deferring a second one or more of the plurality of starttimes, and increasing one or more of a plurality of duty cycles.
 19. Themethod as recited in claim 17, wherein the NOC develops sets ofdescriptors, each set characterizing an associated one of thecorresponding local environments.
 20. The method as recited in claim 19,wherein the NOC employs the sensor data and the device status to adjustassociated sets of descriptors.
 21. The method as recited in claim 17,wherein the NOC develops and maintains a global run time schedule thatspecifies start time, duration, and duty cycle for the first and secondenergy consuming devices.
 22. The apparatus as recited in claim 21,further comprising: second coupling a non-system device to the demandcoordination network, and broadcasting when the non-system device isconsuming the resource, wherein the NOC accounts for consumption of theresource by the non-system device when generating the global run timeschedule.